PCR001: A Cross Sectional Survey of Infant mortality among the Black population in the United States

Namrata Walia, MD, MHA; Robert Levine; Roger Zoorob, MD, MPH

Abstract

Objective: Describe variation in the Non-Hispanic Black Infant Mortality among various counties in the United States in 2018.

Methods: Data on Non-Hispanic Black (Black) infant death rates was extracted using publicly available Birth/Infant death files data from the United States Centers for Disease Control Wide-ranging ONline Data for Epidemiologic Research (WONDER). Socio-economic data were obtained from the Robert Wood Johnson County Health Rankings and Roadmaps (2020). Multiple regression and Studentized, Jack-knife and DFIT analyses was conducted for analyzing outliers.

Results: Forty-one counties were identified. Statistically significant correlations with non-Hispanic Black infant mortality were found for non-White-White segregation index (r=0.33, 0=0.03), percent Black children in poverty (r=0.43, p=0.005), overcrowding (r=-0.59, p<0.001) Black household income (r=-0.40, p = 0.009), and percent severe housing cost burden (r=0.41, p=0.007). Correlations were not statistically significant for Black-White segregation index, income inequality, violent crime rate, median household income and high school graduation rate. Due to high collinearity, the final multiple regression analysis included only the non-White-White segregation index and percent severe housing cost burden, both of which were significantly associated with Black infant mortality (p<0.001). Analysis for outliers identified Bronx County, NY (New York City) and Jackson County, MO (Kansas City) as having unusually lower black infant mortality rates than that predicted by the regression model (positive deviants), while Duval County, FL (Jacksonville) and Hamilton County, OH (Cincinnati) had unusually high rates (negative deviants).

Conclusions: Analytic epidemiologic research designed a priori to do so is required to test hypotheses generated by these descriptive data. Two such hypotheses are that social determinants of non-Hispanic Black infant mortality are not deterministic and that racial resilience and racial fragility are not antonymous. Research pertaining to positive and negative deviant communities could provide important insights into community resilience as well as information about the roots of adverse mortality among non-Hispanic Black Infants.
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Jack Westfall
jwestfall@aafp.org 11/19/2021

Terrific poster and presentation. thanks

Namrata Walia
namrata.walia@bcm.edu 11/23/2021

Thank you for your valuable feedback. 

Dennis Baumgardner, MD
11/19/2021

Very nicely done work and poster!

Namrata Walia
namrata.walia@bcm.edu 11/23/2021

I appreciate you taking time to review it. 

Diane Harper
harperdi@med.umich.edu 11/21/2021

This is important work. Please continue.

Namrata Walia
namrata.walia@bcm.edu 11/23/2021

Thank you! Yes, we plan to continue looking at the effectiveness of certain interventions that were deemed useful. 

Gillian Bartlett
gillian.bartlett@health.missouri.edu 11/21/2021

I love the focus on positive deviance - we have so much to learn from this!! Great poster.

Namrata Walia
namrata.walia@bcm.edu 11/23/2021

Thank you for the feedback. 

Andy Pasternak
avpiv711@sbcglobal.net 11/26/2021

Interesting that poverty wasn't predictive but segregation index was. I think I understand the idea of segregation index but how is that calculated? Is this a publically available measure?

Louise Acheson
11/30/2021

I really enjoyed seeing your incisive work here and wish you good fortune in continuing the work and disseminating it.

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